They categorized rainfall history for the whole survey day as \"Raining now\", \"Rained last night\", \"Rained yesterday\", \"Rained day before yesterday\" or \"Rained over 48 hours ago\" based on conditions at the research station. For soil moisture, observers examined the dampness of soil and categorized it as \"wet\", \"moist\" or \"dry\". In addition to leech species and counts, within each segment, observers made a note of soil moisture and rainfall history. When two surveyors were present, both individuals searched for and counted leeches, and the recorded number of leeches was combined for the two observers. Any leeches attached to their bodies were counted, identified, and removed. Every 500 m along transects or at the beginning of each segment, observers paused to examine themselves thoroughly for a period of two minutes. Surveys were normally carried out by a single observer, although occasionally two observers would walk the same transect (e.g., when new staff were trained). We walked each transect at a constant, slow speed (~1 km per hour) twice per month (starting at opposite ends), beginning at 0530 h. From November 2012 to September 2020, we systematically counted leeches along these vertebrate transects. We measured the altitude of each forest type at its approximate midpoint using a Suunto Vector Altimeter. For analysis, transects were divided into segments that were restricted to a single forest type and varied in length from 50 to 550 m. Some transects were contained entirely in a single forest type, and others spanned multiple forest types. The mean length of survey transects was 3.4 \u00b1 SD 0.24 km. "measurementTechnique": "In 2000, AJM established a series of 14 vertebrate survey transects across the seven primary forest types at the Cabang Panti Research Site in West Kalimantan, Borneo. "affiliation": "Victoria University of "Person", "affiliation": "University of Colorado "Person", "affiliation": "One Forest Project, Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, "Person", "affiliation": "Universitas Nasional "Person", "affiliation": "University of Michigan-Ann "Person", Finally, our results show that the tiger leech has a narrower distribution, being restricted to lower elevation forest types with higher water retention, suggesting that the tiger leech could be more sensitive to lower soil moisture levels.", Additionally, we found that the presence of one species had a positive effect on the presence of the other species. Among biotic factors, forest type had differential effects on counts of the two species: while tiger leech counts were greater in low elevation forest types, brown leech counts were greater in high elevation forest types. We compared a series of negative binomial mixed models and found that, of the abiotic factors, soil moisture had the largest positive effect on encounter rates of both leech species. We analysed a long-term data set (2012-2020) on the closely related tiger (Haemadipsa picta) and brown (Haemadipsa spp.) leech species to investigate if and how abiotic and biotic factors influence their occurrence across a gradient of forest types at an undisturbed tropical rainforest site in Indonesian Borneo. For example, to date no study has assessed the occurrence and distribution of haemadipsid leeches across naturally occurring gradients within intact habitats. They are increasingly used as indicator taxa for biomonitoring, yet very little is known about their basic ecology. "description": "Haemadipsid leeches are ubiquitous inhabitants of tropical and sub-tropical forests in the Indo-Pacific region. Impacts of abiotic and biotic factors on terrestrial leeches in
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