![]() The final category includes Rose, who describes gentrification as a process "in which members of the 'new middle class' move into and physically and culturally reshape working-class inner city neighbourhoods". The second category include Kasman's definition "the reduction of residential and retail space affordable to low-income residents". The first category include the Hackworth (2002) definition "the production of space for progressively more affluent users". Scholars and pundits have applied a variety of definitions to gentrification since 1964, some oriented around gentrifiers, others oriented around the displaced, and some a combination of both. It often shifts a neighborhood's characteristics, e.g., racial-ethnic composition and household income, by adding new stores and resources in previously run-down neighborhoods." Gentrification is a housing, economic, and health issue that affects a community's history and culture and reduces social capital. when long-time or original neighborhood residents move from a gentrified area because of higher rents, mortgages, and property taxes. This change has the potential to cause displacement of long-time residents and businesses . ![]() In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report Health Effects of Gentrification defines the real estate concept of gentrification as "the transformation of neighborhoods from low value to high value. Once this process of 'gentrification' starts in a district it goes on rapidly, until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed. Shabby, modest mews and cottages-two rooms up and two down-have been taken over, when their leases have expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences . One by one, many of the working class neighbourhoods of London have been invaded by the middle-classes-upper and lower. She used it in 1964 to describe the influx of middle-class people displacing lower-class worker residents in urban neighborhoods her example was London, and its working-class districts such as Islington: British sociologist Ruth Glass was first to use "gentrification" in its current sense. In England, landed gentry denoted the social class, consisting of gentlemen (and gentlewomen, as they were at that time known). The word gentrification derives from gentry-which comes from the Old French word genterise, "of gentle birth" (14th century) and "people of gentle birth" (16th century). Historians say that gentrification took place in ancient Rome and in Roman Britain, where large villas were replacing small shops by the 3rd century, AD. Symbolic gentrification in Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin
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